Arduino is written in C language. But luckily the IDE has it’s own syntax that takes away the writing of a lot of the most used functions. For example:
digitalWrite(); actually compiles to:
#define ARDUINO_MAIN
#include “wiring_private.h”
#include “pins_arduino.h”
void pinMode(uint8_t pin, uint8_t mode)
{
uint8_t bit = digitalPinToBitMask(pin);
uint8_t port = digitalPinToPort(pin);
volatile uint8_t *reg, *out;
if (port == NOT_A_PIN) return;
// JWS: can I let the optimizer do this?
reg = portModeRegister(port);
out = portOutputRegister(port);
if (mode == INPUT) {
uint8_t oldSREG = SREG;
cli();
*reg &= ~bit;
*out &= ~bit;
SREG = oldSREG;
} else if (mode == INPUT_PULLUP) {
uint8_t oldSREG = SREG;
cli();
*reg &= ~bit;
*out |= bit;
SREG = oldSREG;
} else {
uint8_t oldSREG = SREG;
cli();
*reg |= bit;
SREG = oldSREG;
}
}
// Forcing this inline keeps the callers from having to push their own stuff
// on the stack. It is a good performance win and only takes 1 more byte per
// user than calling. (It will take more bytes on the 168.)
//
// But shouldn’t this be moved into pinMode? Seems silly to check and do on
// each digitalread or write.
//
// Mark Sproul:
// – Removed inline. Save 170 bytes on atmega1280
// – changed to a switch statment; added 32 bytes but much easier to read and maintain.
// – Added more #ifdefs, now compiles for atmega645
//
//static inline void turnOffPWM(uint8_t timer) __attribute__ ((always_inline));
//static inline void turnOffPWM(uint8_t timer)
static void turnOffPWM(uint8_t timer)
{
switch (timer)
{
#if defined(TCCR1A) && defined(COM1A1)
case TIMER1A: cbi(TCCR1A, COM1A1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR1A) && defined(COM1B1)
case TIMER1B: cbi(TCCR1A, COM1B1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR2) && defined(COM21)
case TIMER2: cbi(TCCR2, COM21); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR0A) && defined(COM0A1)
case TIMER0A: cbi(TCCR0A, COM0A1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TIMER0B) && defined(COM0B1)
case TIMER0B: cbi(TCCR0A, COM0B1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR2A) && defined(COM2A1)
case TIMER2A: cbi(TCCR2A, COM2A1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR2A) && defined(COM2B1)
case TIMER2B: cbi(TCCR2A, COM2B1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR3A) && defined(COM3A1)
case TIMER3A: cbi(TCCR3A, COM3A1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR3A) && defined(COM3B1)
case TIMER3B: cbi(TCCR3A, COM3B1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR3A) && defined(COM3C1)
case TIMER3C: cbi(TCCR3A, COM3C1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR4A) && defined(COM4A1)
case TIMER4A: cbi(TCCR4A, COM4A1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR4A) && defined(COM4B1)
case TIMER4B: cbi(TCCR4A, COM4B1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR4A) && defined(COM4C1)
case TIMER4C: cbi(TCCR4A, COM4C1); break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR4C) && defined(COM4D1)
case TIMER4D:cbi(TCCR4C, COM4D1);break;
#endif
#if defined(TCCR5A)
case TIMER5A: cbi(TCCR5A, COM5A1); break;
case TIMER5B: cbi(TCCR5A, COM5B1); break;
case TIMER5C: cbi(TCCR5A, COM5C1); break;
#endif
}
}
void digitalWrite(uint8_t pin, uint8_t val)
{
uint8_t timer = digitalPinToTimer(pin);
uint8_t bit = digitalPinToBitMask(pin);
uint8_t port = digitalPinToPort(pin);
volatile uint8_t *out;
if (port == NOT_A_PIN) return;
// If the pin that support PWM output, we need to turn it off
// before doing a digital write.
if (timer != NOT_ON_TIMER) turnOffPWM(timer);
out = portOutputRegister(port);
uint8_t oldSREG = SREG;
cli();
if (val == LOW) {
*out &= ~bit;
} else {
*out |= bit;
}
SREG = oldSREG;
}
int digitalRead(uint8_t pin)
{
uint8_t timer = digitalPinToTimer(pin);
uint8_t bit = digitalPinToBitMask(pin);
uint8_t port = digitalPinToPort(pin);
if (port == NOT_A_PIN) return LOW;
// If the pin that support PWM output, we need to turn it off
// before getting a digital reading.
if (timer != NOT_ON_TIMER) turnOffPWM(timer);
if (*portInputRegister(port) & bit) return HIGH;
return LOW;
}
Time saved = massive, and when the code is compiled and sent to the Arduino processor it will open it up and read it in C which then coverts to computer language binary (1010101) which then run’s the code.
You can find all the functions and libraries in C in the location of: Arduino.app/Contents/Resources/Java/hardware/arduino/cores/arduino and the files extensions are .h for header .c for C code and .cpp for C++ code.